Tratamiento psicológico aplicado a niños con encopresis

RESUMEN Introducción: La encopresis infantil es la defecación involuntaria en el niño, sin causa orgánica que lo justifique. Puede originarse por una incontinencia fisiológica, aparecer después de la adquisición del control de esfínter o consistir en la deposición deliberada de heces en lugares inadecuados existiendo un control de esfínter normal. Es un trastorno con repercusión psicológica de particular importancia en la vida del niño y familia. Objetivos: Describir el tratamiento psicológico aplicado a niños con encopresis. Métodos: Estudio descriptivo de corte transversal con enfoque cualitativo que se desarrolló en el Hospital Pediátrico Provincial "Eduardo Agramonte Piña" de la Ciudad de Camagüey, en la consulta externa de psicología de dicho centro, en el período comprendido entre mayo 2019 y enero de 2020. Resultados: Las áreas de conflictos fundamentales para el niño con encopresis fueron la familiar, la individual y la escolar. Destacan como conflictos primordiales, el divorcio mal manejado por los padres: 38,4 % de los niños, la demanda de afecto de la figura materna: 30,7 % y las dificultades con los estudios: 26,9 % de los menores. Conclusiones: El tratamiento psicológico consiste en la realización de acciones terapéuticas para desarrollar el hábito eliminatorio en el niño, en intervenciones con los padres para el tratamiento adecuado de la separación, comunicación positiva con el niño y fomento de su independencia según la etapa de la vida. Se enfatiza en la búsqueda de estilos educativos adecuados y atención a las dificultades escolares.

ABSTRACT Introduction: Children encopresis is involuntary defecation of the child, without organic cause that justifies it. It can be caused by physiological incontinence, and appear after the acquisition of sphincter control or being the deliberate deposition of feces in inappropriate places with normal sphincter control. It is a disorder with a psychological impact of particular importance in the life of the child and family. Objectives: Describe the psychological treatment applied to children with encopresis. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study with a qualitative approach was carried out at "Eduardo Agramonte Piña" Provincial Pediatric Hospital in the city of Camaguey, in the psychology outpatient clinic of the center, in the period from May 2019 to January 2020. Results: The areas of fundamental conflict for the child with encopresis were the family area, the individua areal and the school area. Divorce mismanaged by parents (38.4%), the demand for affection of the mother figure (30.7%) and difficulties with studies (26.9%) stands out as primary conflicts. Conclusions: Psychological treatment consists of carrying out therapeutic actions to develop the elimination of feces habit in the child, in interventions with the parents for the adequate treatment of separation, positive communication with the child and promotion of their independence according to the stage of life. Emphasis is placed on the search for appropriate educational styles and attention to school difficulties.

Encopresis en niños atendidos en consulta externa de psiquiatria infantil

RESUMEN La encopresis, también llamada incontinencia fecal o evacuación involuntaria de los intestinos, es el paso repetido de heces (por lo general involuntario) hacia la ropa. Suele suceder cuando las heces retenidas se acumulan en el colon y el recto; el colon se llena demasiado y las heces líquidas se filtran alrededor de las heces retenidas, lo que termina manchando la ropa interior. Apreciamos lo poco que se ha investigado este trastorno, que es abordado de forma breve y generalmente asociado a otros síntomas como la enuresis en los textos de psiquiatría y pediatría. Brindar información acerca de aspectos epidemiológicos, fisiopatològicos, causas, síntomas y opciones terapéuticas, entre otros, es el objetivo de esta publicación Los niños encopréticos son objetos de burlas, rechazo y manifestaciones agresivas de quienes lo rodean, pues consideran que este síntoma es producto de malacrianza o falta de vergüenza. La consulta de psiquiatría es importante ya que casi la mitad de los niños presentan problemas psicológicos que pueden ser la causa de la incontinencia o parte de las repercusiones. Se concluye que es pertinente implementar y promover medidas de prevención por parte de los médicos de atención primaria, que involucren no solo a los pacientes y sus familiares, sino también al personal responsable de los niños en las escuelas, círculos infantiles y lograr una adecuada adherencia al tratamiento multimodal. La mayor parte de los factores asociados son modificables como los malos hábitos para la defecación y los dietéticos.

ABSTRACT Encopresis, also called fecal incontinence or involuntary bowel movement is the repeated passage of stool (usually involuntary) into clothing. It usually happens when retained stool accumulates in the colon and rectum; the colon becomes too full and liquid stools seep around the retained stool, which ends up staining the underwear. We noticed how little research has been done on this disorder, which is addressed briefly and generally associated with other symptoms such as enuresis in psychiatry and pediatrics texts. Providing information about epidemiological aspects, pathophysiological aspects, causes, symptoms and therapeutic options, among others, is the objective of this publication. Encopretic children are objects of ridicule, rejection and aggressive manifestations of those around them, because they consider that this symptom is the product of churlishness or lack of shame. The psychiatry consultation is important since almost half of the children have psychological problems that can be the cause of incontinence or part of the repercussions. It is concluded that it is pertinent to implement and promote prevention measures by primary care physicians, involving not only patients and their families, but also the staff responsible for children in schools, kindergartens and achieving adequate adherence to multimodal treatment. Most of the associated factors are modifiable such as bad habits for defecation and dietetics.

Inestabilidad vesical, constipación y disfunción vésico-intestinal (DVI) / Bladder instability, constipation and vesical-intestinal dysfunction (DVI)

La inestabilidad vesical y la constipación son manifestaciones clínicas frecuentes en la consulta pediátrica y predisponen a un problema urológico significativo,provocando una disfunción vésico-intestinal (DVI), que ocasiona complicaciones en el funcionamiento normal del sistema urinario, con enuresis, incontinencia de orina, micción frecuente, encopresis y episodios recurrentes de infección urinaria.Es fundamental el interrogatorio exhaustivo sobre los hábitos evacuatorios,tiempo de control de esfínteres, hábitos alimenticios y maduración psicofísica para no equivocar el rumbo, y llegar a un correcto diagnóstico y posterior tratamiento, evitando tratamientos inútiles y la pérdida de tiempo y frustraciones del paciente y la familia.El presente trabajo intenta dar un poco de luz en este problema, insistiendo en la importancia del médico pediatra como factor fundamental en la pesquisa y diagnóstico de la disfunción vésico-intestinal

Bladder instability and constipation are frequent clinical manifestations in pediatric practice, and predispose to a significant urological problem, causing a vesical-intestinal dysfunction (DVI), which causes complications in the normal functioning of the urinary system, with enuresis, urinary incontinence, frequent urination, encopresis and recurrent episodes of urinary infection.Comprehensive interrogation of evacuation habits, sphincter control time, eating habits and psychophysical maturation is essential to avoid misguiding the course,and to arrive at a correct diagnosis and subsequent treatment, avoiding useless treatments and the loss of time and frustrations of the patient and the family.The present work tries to give a little light on this problem, insisting on the importance of the pediatrician as a fundamental factor in the investigation and diagnosis of vesical-intestinal dysfunction

Estreñimiento crónico: identificación de las causas en una clínica de manejo intestinal / Chronical Constipation: identification of the causes at a Bowel Management Clinic

Resumen:Antecedentes:el estreñimiento crónico en la población pediátrica es una patología frecuente que puede afectar la calidad de vida del paciente y el entorno familiar. Se presenta la experiencia inicial de la Clínica de Manejo Intestinal, en la que se incluyen pacientes con patologías médicas y quirúrgicas de difícil manejo.Metodología:se revisaron los expedientes clínicos de la Clínica de Manejo Intestinal del Hospital "Dr. Maximiliano Peralta Jiménez", incluyendo todos los pacientes valorados desde junio de 2012 hasta junio de 2015. Se tomaron como pacientes activos, aquellos que se encuentran en control en la clínica, y como resueltos aquellos pacientes que fueron manejados inicialmente y luego referidos a la consulta externa de pediatría o cirugía.Resultados:se obtuvieron 77 pacientes, 25 activos (35%) y 52 resueltos (65%), que fueron referidos de las consultas de Pediatría y Cirugía Pediátrica, por estreñimiento de difícil manejo. De los pacientes activos, los diagnósticos son: 16 pacientes (64%) estreñimiento funcional, 6 pacientes (24%) enfermedad de Hirschsprung, 1 paciente (4%) con Síndrome de Mowat Wilson, 1 paciente con espina bífida, 1 paciente con ptosis del colon transverso. El motivo de consulta de los pacientes activos fue estreñimiento crónico en 20 (80%), enfermedad de Hirschsprung en 3 (12%) y encopresis en 2 pacientes (8%); los síntomas asociados de este grupo de pacientes fueron: dolor abdominal en 10 (40%), vómito en 3 (12%) y manchado en 19 (76%). De los 52 pacientes resueltos, 32 son hombres (61,5 %) y 20, mujeres. 44 pacientes (84,6%) tienen diagnóstico de estreñimiento funcional, 6 (11,5%) de enfermedad de Hirschsprung, 1 (1,9%) de ano imperforado con fístula perineal, y 1 con estenosis anal. El motivo de consulta fue estreñimiento crónico en 47 pacientes (90%), estenosis anal en 1 (1,9%), enfermedad de Hirschsprung en 1 (1,9%), fecalomas en 1 (1,9%), malformación anorrectal en 1 (1,9%) y enfermedad pélvica inflamatoria también en 1 paciente (1,9%).Conclusiones:los resultados obtenidos permiten identificar las causas más frecuentes de referencia de los pacientes con estreñimiento referidos a la Clínica de Manejo Intestinal del Hospital "Dr. Maximiliano Peralta Jiménez". De todos los pacientes referidos por estreñimiento de difícil manejo, se detectaron 15 (19%) de resolución quirúrgica.

Abstract:Background:Chronic constipation in the pediatric population is a common pathology that can affect the quality of life of the patient and the family. The initial experience at the Bowel Management Clinic is presented; patients with medical and surgical pathologies are included.Methodology:the clinical files from the Bowel Management Clinic at the Hospital "Dr. Maximiliano Peralta Jiménez" were reviewed, including all the patients evaluated between June 2012 to June 2015. The patients considered as active, are those who are presently in control at the clinic and patients considered as solved those patients who were evaluated initially and then referred to the pediatric outpatient clinic or surgery.Results:77 patients were included, 25 were active patients (35%) and 52 solved (65%), that were referred from the pediatric and pediatric surgery outpatients clinic for difficult management constipation. In the active patients the diagnoses are: 16 patients (64%) functional constipation, 6 patients (24%) Hirschsprung's disease, 1 patient (4%) with Mowat Wilson's Syndrome, 1 patient with spina bifida and 1 patient with ptosis of the transverse colon. The motive for consultation of the active patients was a chronic constipation in 20 patients (80%), Hirschsprung's disease in 3 (12%) and encopresis in 2 patients (8%); the associated symptoms of this group of patients were: abdominalpain in 10 patients (40%), vomit in 3 patients (12%) and soiling in 19 patients (76%) From the 52 solved patients, 32 are men (61.5%) and 20 women. 44 patients (84.6%) have diagnosis of functional constipation, 6 (11.5%) Hirschsprung's disease, 1 patient (1.9%) imperforated anus with perineal fistula and 1 patient with anal stenosis. The motive for consultation was chronic constipation in 47 patients (90%), anal stenosis in 1 (1.9%), anorectal malformation in 1 (1.9%) and inflammatory pelvic disease also in 1 patient (1.9%).Conclusions:The obtained results allow us to identify the most frequent causes of referral patients with chronic constipation to the Bowel Management Clinic at the Hospital "Dr. Maximiliano Peralta Jiménez". From all the patients referred for constipation of difficult management 15 (19 %) were detected for surgical resolution.

Reliability of barr, leech, and blethyn score in using of plain radiography in determining fecal impaction in children with and without constipation / Confiabilidade de pontuação dos escores de Barr, Leech e Blethyn no uso de radiografia simples na determinação da impactação fecal em crianças com e sem constipação

ABSTRACT Background - Several scoring was developed for evaluation of children with fecal retention using plain radiograph. There are controversies about specificity and sensitivity of these scoring system. Objectives - The aim of this study was to evaluate Barr, Blethyn, and Leech score in evaluation of fecal load in plain radiograph. Methods - This case control study was conducted on children aged 2-14 years old with abdominal pain who visited Abuzar children's Hospital of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences. This study was conducted in fall season. Children with history of previous abdominal surgery, any systemic illness including sickle cell anemia were excluded. Children with constipation were placed in case group. Subjects without constipation were placed in control group. Subjects without exclusion criteria were examined by physician who is blind to aim of the study. Careful history and physical examination was done. Demographic features, history of gastrointestinal problem, duration of abdominal pain, defecation habit, stool consistency (loose, hard), and results of physical examination were recorded. Rome III criteria was used for definition of constipation. Abdominal x-ray was ordered for each patients. Abdominal radiography was reviewed by radiologist. Barr, Leach, and Blethyn scores were calculated for each case. Results - In this study 102 children with functional constipation and 102 children without constipation as a control were included. Mean ±SD for case and control group was 68.39±34.88 and 69.46±32.60 (P=0.82).Leech score (mean ±SD) was 11.05±2.177 and 5.67±3.228 for case and control group respectively (P<0.0001). Barr score (mean ±SD) was 14.86±3.54 and 7.16±5.59 for case and control group respectively (P=<0.0001). Blethyn (mean ±SD) score was 1.97±0.667 and 1.04±0.900 for case and control group respectively (P=0.000). Sensitivity and specificity of Barr score was 83% and 79% respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of Leech score was 92% and 80% respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of Blethyn score was 79% and 92% respectively. Conclusion - Barr, Blethyn and Leech scores were significantly higher in children with abdominal pain and constipation in contrast to children with abdominal pain and without constipation. Sensitivity of Leech score was more than Barr and Blethyn scoring systems. Specificity of Blethyn score was more than Barr and Leech score.

RESUMO Contexto - Diversos métodos de pontuação utilizando a radiografia simples foram desenvolvidos para a avaliação de retenção fecal em crianças. Há controvérsias sobre a especificidade e sensibilidade destes sistemas de pontuação. Objetivo - O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os sistemas de escore Barr, Blethyn e Leech na avaliação do conteúdo fecal pela radiografia simples. Métodos - Estudo de caso controle em crianças com idade entre 2-14 anos, com dor abdominal que consultaram o Abuzar children's Hospital of Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences, durante o outono. Crianças com história prévia de cirurgia abdominal, com qualquer doença sistêmica, incluindo anemia falciforme, foram excluídas. Crianças com constipação foram inseridas no estudo e crianças sem constipação inseridas no grupo controle. Pacientes sem critérios de exclusão foram examinados por médico que ignorava o objeto do estudo. Foram realizadas história clínica e exame físico cuidadosos. Foram registradas as características demográficas, a história do problema gastrointestinal, a duração da dor abdominal, os hábitos intestinais e evacuatórios, a consistência das fezes (duras, amolecidas), e os resultados do exame físico. Os Critérios de Roma III foram usados para a definição de constipação. Radiografia simples do abdômen foi ordenada para cada paciente. Foram calculados os escores de Baar, Leech e Blethyn para cada paciente. Resultados - Foram incluídas neste estudo 102 crianças com constipação funcional e 102 crianças sem constipação como controle. A idade média com desvio padrão para o grupo paciente foi de 68.39±34.88 e de 69.46±32.60 para o grupo controle (P=0.82). O escore de Leech (média ±DP) foi de 11.05±2.1777 para pacientes e de 5.67±3.228 para o grupo controle (P<0.0001). A pontuação de Barr (média ± DP) foi 14.86±3.54 para pacientes e de 7.16±5.59 para o grupo controle (P=<0.0001). O escore Blethyn (média ±DP) foi de 1.97±0.667 para pacientes e de 1.04±0.900 para o grupo controle (P=0.000). A sensibilidade e especificidade para o escore de Baar foi de 83% e 79% respectivamente. Para o escore de Leech foi de 92% de sensibilidade e 80% de especificidade. O escore de Blethyn resultou em 79% de sensibilidade e especificidade de 92%. Conclusão - As pontuações de Baar, Blethyn e Leech foram significativamente maiores em crianças com dor abdominal e constipação em contraste com as crianças com dor abdominal e sem constipação. A sensibilidade de pontuação Leech foi maior do que os sistemas de pontuação Barr e Blethyn. Escore de Blethyn teve mais especificidade que as pontuações Barr e Leech.

Colon Transit Time Test in Korean Children with Chronic Functional Constipation / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

PURPOSE: Each ethnic group has a unique life style, including diets. Life style affects bowel movement. The aim of this study is to describe the results of colon transit time (CTT) tests in Korean children who had chronic functional constipation based on highly refined data. METHODS: One hundred ninety (86 males) out of 415 children who performed a CTT test under the diagnosis of chronic constipation according to Rome III criteria at Konkuk University Medical Center from January 2006 through March 2015 were enrolled in this study. Two hundreds twenty-five children were excluded on the basis of CTT test result, defecation diary, and clinical setting. Shapiro-Wilk and Mann-Whitney U, and chi-square tests were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS: The median value and interquartile range (IQR) of CTT was 54 (37.5) hours in Encopresis group, and those in non-encopresis group was 40.2 (27.9) hours (p<0.001). The frequency of subtype between non-encopresis group and encopresis was statistically significant (p=0.002). The non-encopresis group (n=154, 81.1%) was divided into normal transit subgroup (n=84, 54.5%; median value and IQR of CTT=26.4 [9.6] hours), outlet obstruction subgroup (n=18, 11.7%; 62.4 [15.6] hours), and slow transit subgroup (n=52, 33.8%; 54.6 [21.0] hours]. The encopresis group (n=36, 18.9%) was divided into normal transit subgroup (n=8, 22.2%; median value and IQR of CTT=32.4 [9.9] hours), outlet obstruction subgroup (n=8, 22.2%; 67.8 [34.8] hours), and slow transit subgroup (n=20, 55.6%; 59.4 [62.7]hours). CONCLUSION: This study provided the basic pattern and value of the CTT test in Korean children with chronic constipation.

Encoprese e intervenção psicológica: revisão de literatura / Encopresis and psychological intervention: literature review / La encopresis e intervención psicológica: revisión de la literatura

Estudos têm demonstrado que a encoprese, transtorno relacionado ao controle esfincteriano, pode trazer impactos significativos para a vida do indivíduo, tais como baixa autoestima e déficit em interação social. Apesar de reconhecido o importante comprometimento que tal transtorno pode causar no desenvolvimento infantil, a literatura científica tem dado pouca importância ao tema, apresentando um baixo número de publicações sobre o assunto. Dessa forma, este artigo investigou as publicações nacionais em psicologia relacionadas à encoprese entre os anos de 1994 a 2013 nas bases de dados Lilacs e Scielo. Foram encontrados 231 artigos em toda a publicação para este assunto e período, e selecionados cinco para a análise, sendo aqueles que relatavam intervenção em encoprese. Desses artigos, quatro foram publicados na mesma revista e descreveram intervenções comportamentais, sendo três do mesmo autor. O quinto artigo era da abordagem psicanalítica. As pesquisas foram realizadas com crianças e adolescentes e as intervenções comportamentais tiveram êxito com remissão dos sintomas encopréticos. Os dados afirmam a deficiência em publicações na área e número restrito de pesquisadores investigando o tema, que é de relevância significativa.

Studies have shown that encopresis, related to bowel control disorder, can bring significant impact for the individual life, such as low self-esteem and deficits in social interaction. Despite the significant impairment recognized that this disorder can have on child development, the scientific literature has given little attention to the theme, with a low number of publications on the subject. Thus, this paper investigated Brazilian publications in psychology related to encopresis between 1994 and 2013 in data base Lilacs and Scielo. 231 articles were found and were selected those that reported only intervention in encopresis. There were five articles and four published by the same journal and described behavioral interventions, and one author wrote three. The other one was psychoanalytic. The surveys were conducted with children and adolescents and behavioral interventions have been successful with remission of encopresis symptoms. The data affirm the deficiency in publications in the area and possibly limited number of psychologists investigating the issue, which is of significant importance.

Los estudios han demostrado que la encopresis, relacionado con el trastorno intestinal control, pueden aportar importantes para la vida del individuo, tales como la baja autoestima y déficit en los efectos de interacción social. A pesar del deterioro significativo reconocido que este trastorno puede tener en el desarrollo del niño, la literatura científica ha prestado poca atención al tema, con un bajo número de publicaciones sobre el sujeto. Por lo tanto, este trabajo investiga las publicaciones brasileñas en psicología relacionada con encopresis entre los años 1994 y 2013 en las basis Lilacs e Scielo. Se encontraron 231 artículos e seleccionaron solamente artículos que informaron la intervención in encopresis. Se encontraron cinco artículos, y cuatro en la misma revista con intervenciones conductuales, siendo tres de lo mismo autor. Lo quinto articulo era de la psicoanálisis. Las encuestas se llevaron a cabo con las personas y las intervenciones conductuales han tenido éxito con la remisión de los síntomas encopréticos. Los datos confirman la deficiencia en las publicaciones de la zona y posiblemente limitado número de psicólogos que investiga el asunto, que es de gran importancia.

The Effectiveness of Methylphenidate in the Treatment of Encopresis Independent from Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder Symptoms

Several medications are reported to be effective in treatment of encopresis. However, mechanisms of action related to these drugs are not known. We report a patient with ADHD and encopresis whose encopretic signs have disappeared with long acting methylphenidate while they have not changed with atomoxetine.

Incontinência anal: tratamento clínico em serviço de saúde pública de Porto Alegre, Brasil / Fecal incontinence: clinical treatment in public health service of Porto Alegre, Brazil

Introdução: Incontinência anal (IA) é a perda involuntária de fezes. Os pacientes isolam-se e não há interesse formal em atendê-los. A escolha inicial é o tratamento clínico e a maioria dos pacientes com IA melhora com estas medidas simples. O objetivo deste estudo é descrever experiência brasileira, de um serviço assistencial público, para tratamento clínico da IA. Métodos: É um estudo longitudinal, retrospectivo, desenvolvido no Ambulatório do HMIPV/Porto Alegre, no período de novembro/2011 a abril/2014, com pacientes consecutivos, acima de 12 anos de idade, primeiramente avaliados por coloproctologista e encaminhados ao gastroenterologista para tratamento clínico. Todos foram submetidos à mesma rotina de consulta médica e tratamento clínico. Foi utilizado o Índice da Escala de Graduação da Continência de Wexner, para medida objetiva da resposta ao tratamento e autoavaliação, ambas na primeira consulta e na última. Resultados: De novembro/2011 até abril/2014 foram atendidos, para tratamento clínico, quarenta e dois pacientes, com idade média de 59,0 anos e 39 (92,9%) do sexo feminino. Na última consulta 34 (80,9%) se consideraram melhores, seis (14,3%) não melhoraram (P<0,001). O Índice da Escala de Graduação da Continência de Wexner foi diferente na última consulta entre os dois grupos (P<0,001). Vinte e seis (61,9%) apresentavam incontinência urinária associada. Conclusão: O tratamento clínico inicial foi efetivo neste grupo de pacientes com IA. É a primeira descrição brasileira de tratamento clínico. Os autores sugerem a realização de mais experiências, para continuar avaliando estas medidas simples de tratamento, aprovadas internacionalmente (AU)

Introduction: Fecal incontinence (FI) is the involuntary loss of stool. Patients isolate themselves and there is no formal interest in serving them. The first choice is clinical treatment and most patients with FI improve with these simple steps. The aim of this study is to describe the Brazilian experience in a public welfare service for clinical treatment of FI. Methods: This is a longitudinal retrospective study conducted at the outpatient unit of HMIPV/Porto Alegre from Nov 2011 to Apr 2014 of consecutive patients above 12 years of age, first evaluated by a coloproctologist and then referred to a gastroenterologist for clinical treatment. All of the patients underwent the same routine medical consultation and clinical treatment. The Wexner Fecal Incontinence Score was used to objectively measure response to treatment and self-assessment, at both the first and the last visit. Results: In the studied period 42 patients ­ mean age of 59.0 years and 39 (92.9%) females ­ were clinically treated for FI. At the last visit 34 (80.9%) reported to have improved and 6 (14.3%) showed no improvement (P<0.001). Wexner Fecal Incontinence Scores were different at the last visit across the two groups (P<0.001). Twenty-six (61.9%) patients had associated urinary incontinence. Conclusion: The initial clinical treatment was effective in this group of patients with FI. This is the first Brazilian description of clinical treatment. Further studies should be conducted to evaluate these simple, internationally approved treatment measures (AU)

Nocturnal Enuresis Is Associated with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder and Conduct Problems

OBJECTIVE: There are no published prevalence estimates of elimination disorders and their association with disruptive-behavior disorders among children in the Asian region using standardized diagnostic interviews. This study was conducted to determine the prevalence of elimination disorders and its association with disruptive-behavior disorders in a representative sample of children in Seoul, Korea. METHODS: The diagnosis of enuresis and encopresis was derived from parent-reported data for "enuresis and encopresis," collected using the Diagnostic Interview Schedule for Children, from a representative sample of 6- to 12-year-old children (n=1,645) who participated in the 2005 Seoul Child and Adolescent Mental Health Survey. Prevalence data for attention deficit and disruptive-behavior disorders were collected from the same sample. RESULTS: The overall 12-month prevalence of nocturnal enuresis and encopresis was 1.8% and 0.6%, respectively. Enuresis and encopresis prevalence in boys was significantly greater than that in girls. Enuresis and encopresis was most common at 7 to 9 years of age. Enuresis was significantly associated with ADHD (OR 2.6, 95% CI 1.0-6.9) and conduct disorder (CD; OR 4.7, 95% CI 1.0-22.4). CONCLUSION: Enuresis is significantly associated with ADHD and CD, so these conditions must be assessed together during the evaluation of children with enuresis.

O amor e o ódio no brincar da criança com encoprese / Love and hate on the playing of a child with encopresis

A encoprese é caracterizada pela exoneração intestinal em locais inadequados (roupas ou chão). Na psicanálise, ela é concebida como vinculada ao desenvolvimento da moralidade, enraizando-se, assim, na ambivalência da criança frente a seus pais. Como a formação de símbolos é um aliado importante na elaboração da ambivalência, este trabalho investigou a natureza do brincar de crianças com encoprese por meio da realização de três estudos de caso, com sessões lúdicas e entrevista familiar. Os resultados indicaram que o brincar dessas crianças era enrijecido e pouco criativo devido a um rígido controle pulsional. Este, por sua vez, originava-se no seu relacionamento com a mãe e nas dificuldades desta de elaboração da própria ambivalência, que também conduziam a um hipercontrole de si mesma. Portanto, o sintoma e a dificuldade criativa revelavam uma reação da criança diante da intrusão de um ambiente que não acolhia suas necessidades, nem permitia integrar amor e ódio.

Encopresis is characterized by intestinal exoneration in inadequate places, such as clothes or on the floor. In psychoanalytic terms, it is conceived as related to morality development, thus originating from the child's ambivalence regarding his or her parents. As symbol formation is an important ally in the elaboration of ambivalence, the present study investigated the nature of children's playing via three case studies, which included ludic sessions and family interviews. The results indicate that such children's playing was rigid and hardly creative, due to a rigorous drive control. Such control had its roots in the relationship of the children with their mothers, as well as from difficulties of the latter to elaborate their own ambivalence, leading to a hyper-control of themselves. Therefore, both the symptom and the creative difficulty revealed a reaction of the children from an intrusion of an ambient which did not offer support to their needs, nor allowed for the integration of love and hate.

Avaliação manométrica anal de crianças com encoprese / Anal manometric evaluation of children with encopresis

INTRODUÇÃO: A constipação crônica é doença comum na infância, ocorrendo em 5 a 10 por cento dos pacientes pediátricos, considerada a segunda maior causa de procura nos consultórios de pediatria, sendo a encoprese decorrente de constipação grave associada à impactação fecal no reto. Dentre os exames diagnósticos, a manometria anal é utilizada para a avaliação de pacientes com distúrbios funcionais, como a constipação intestinal e a incontinência fecal, em alguns serviços para a avaliação de pacientes com encoprese, pois pode trazer informações sobre o mecanismo evacuatório e possíveis lesões esfincterianas anais. OBJETIVO: Verificar alterações manométricas em pacientes com encoprese. MÉTODOS: Foi realizado estudo de 40 manometrias anais de crianças constipadas com encoprese (G1) e 12 crianças constipados sem encoprese (G2). Foram obtidos os seguintes dados: pressões de repouso, contração e evacuação do canal anal e ampola retal, ponto de maior pressão, reflexo inibitório anal e sensibilidade retal. As manometrias foram realizadas com o aparelho Alacer de perfusão com 8 canais. RESULTADOS: Não foram encontradas diferenças nas pressões de repouso, contração e evacuação do canal anal entre os grupos. Chamou-nos a atenção a ausência de necessidade de maior volume retal para desencadear o reflexo inibitório anal. Não houve diferença da incidência de anismus entre os dois grupos, demonstrando que não se trata de fator importante na manutenção da encoprese, mas sim da constipação. CONCLUSÃO: Não houve necessidade de maior volume para desencadear o reflexo inibitório anal. O anismus não foi diferente entre os dois grupos, não sendo importante na manutenção da encoprese.

INTRODUCTION: Chronic constipation is a common childhood disorder that affects 5 to 10 percent of pediatric patients, being the second most common cause for seeking medical help, with the encopresis arising out of severe constipation being associated with fecal impaction in the rectum. Among diagnostic exams, anal manometry is used to evaluate patients with functional disorders such as constipation and fecal incontinence, and in some procedures for the evaluation of patients suffering from encopresis, as it provides information on the defecation mechanism and any potential anal sphincter injuries. OBJECTIVE: To verify manometric alterations in patients with encopresis. METHODS: A study was conducted based on 40 anal manometries of constipated children with encopresis (G1) and 12 constipated children without encopresis (G2). The following data were obtained: pressure at rest, contraction and evacuation of the anal canal and the rectal ampulla, point of highest pressure, anal inhibitory reflex and rectal sensitivity. The manometries were performed with an 8-channel perfusion device manufactured by Alacer. DISCUSSION: No differences were found with respect for pressures at rest, contraction and evacuation of the anal canal between groups. Our attention was drawn to the lack of need for an increased rectal volume to trigger the anal inhibitory reflex. There was no difference in the incidence of anismus between groups, which shows that it is not a relevant factor in the maintenance of the encopresis, but of constipation. CONCLUSION: An increase in rectal volume was not required to trigger the anal inhibitory reflex. Anismus was not different in the two groups, being unimportant in the maintenance of encopresis.

Constipação intestinal / Constipation

A constipação intestinal crônica é motivo comum de consulta em ambulatório de pediatria e de gastroenterologia pediátrica. A apresentação clínica é variável. A procura para tratamento é tardia, em geral quando surgem as complicações da doença, como a encoprese, o escape fecal e a dor abdominal. Alguns fatores são importantes na fisiopatologia como alimentação, predisposição genética, desmame precoce, dismotilidade intestinal, comportamento de retenção fecal, ocorrência de evacuação com dor ou sangue. As causas de constipação intestinal podem ser orgânicas ou funcionais. Em uma pequena parcela dos casos é necessária a solicitação de exames complementares para o diagnóstico definitivo. O tratamento é prolongado e depende da adesão dos pacientes e dos seus responsáveis. Algumas vezes, o médico deverá intervir na dinâmica familiar, modificando hábitos alimentares e de vida, motivando o uso dos medicamentos, quando prescritos, prevenindo a recorrência dos sintomas.

Constipation is a frequent complaint in pediatric and gastroin-testinal pediatric visits. Clínica I presentation may vary. Search of medical assistance for treatment is delayed, general/y occurring at the onset of complications such as soilíng, encopresis or abdominal pain. Associated factors in constipation physiopa- thology include low fiber diet, genetic predisposition, intestinal dismotility, fecal retentive behavior, ear/y weaning, painful defe- cation and presence of blood in feces. One must always investigate the cause of constipation as anatomic abnormalities and organic diseases may be present. Diagnosis is general/y based on medical history and physical examination, especial/y in chronic functional constipation. Complíance to long term treatment by patient and fami/y is necessary. The attending pediatrician must be prepared to motivate both patient and family regarding use of medication and changing diet habits. The pediatrician must identify the need and opportune timing for further diagnostic testing and interventions.

Treatment Outcome in Patients with Pediatric Encopresis

PURPOSE: The causes of encopresis are complex and multifactorial. Through application of new sophisticated techniques and armamentarium, it has been possible to find more specific aspects of the anorectal function in pediatric patients with refractory defecation disorders. However, quality research of which therapeutic option could be suitable, is still lacking. The current study was designed to assess outcome of treatment according to the treatment algorithm based on the clinical and physiologic findings. METHODS: 22 patients (15 boys, 7 girls) with encopresis were analyzed, retrospectively. For exclusion of the organic cause, barium contrast study and anoscopy were carried out in all cases. Patients were categorized and made treatment algorithm by using leading symptoms and findings of anorectal physiologic tests. Treatment outcomes were analysed in the basis of respective therapeutic options. RESULTS: Patients were categorized as constipation dominant group (n=15) and incontinence dominant group (n=7). Suggested etipathogeneses were as follows; fecal impaction and/or motility disorder (n=7), overflow incontinence (n=6), sensory defect of the rectum (n=4), puborectalis incoordination (n=3), anal hypertonia (n=2). Treatment options were as follows; conventional therapy (CT) only (n=7), CT plus biofeedback (n=9), CT plus balloon sensory retraining (n=4), and CT plus internal sphincterotomy or Nitroglycerine application (n=2). All patients were undertaken a toilet training and psychologic consultation. Regarding to the therapeutic outcome, 19 (86 percent) of overall 22 patients were improved in the mean period of 2.5 (range, 0.1-7) years follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: If therapy could be undertaken according to the optional algorithm based on the clinical and physiologic findings, it could be useful guide for clinical decision making to help the therapy. Moreover, through the combination therapy including medication, psychological consultation, and biofeedback treatment, encopretic children achieve acceptable outcome with a long-term compliance.

Clinical and Physiologic Study of Encopresis

The pathophysiology of pediatric encopresis has been incomprehensible. The current study was designed to assess its clinical and physiologic findings. Moreover, outcome of treatment was evaluated. METHODS: The clinical and functional findings of 18 patients (13 boys, 5 girls) were analyzed, retrospectively. Physiologic studies for cooperative child included anal manometry (n=12), cinedefecography (n=3), and PNTML (pudendal nerve terminal motor latency, n=1). For exclusion of the organic cause, barium contrast study was carried out in all case. Patients were categorized by leading symptom as constipation or incontinence. Physiologic findings and outcome of treatment were analyzed based on the categorized groups. Biofeedback therapy by using newly-developed anal sphincter control system (KONTINENCE CLINICAL(TM)) in my institute, was underwent a mean 4.1 (range, 2~12) sessions. The outcome was analyzed in the period of 5.4 (range, 1~33) months follow-up. RESULTS: Patients were categorized as having constipation (group I, n=12) or incontinence (group II, n=6) group. In the manometric parameters, there were no statistical differences between the values of the mean resting pressure (RP), the maximum RP, and the maximum voluntary contraction between group I and II. In the cinedefecography, 3 of group I patients revealed as having the pelvic floor dyssynergia. The findings of PNTML were not specific in group II (n=1). Regarding to the therapeutic outcome, 8 of 10 patients were cured or improved. CONCLUSIONS: There were no differences in the resting and squeeze profiles of manometric parameters between two groups. However, pelvic floor dyssynergia was identified in the cinedefecography of constipated group. Conventional and biofeedback treatment for encopretic children provides acceptable outcome.

Anorectal Manometry in Idiopathic Constipation in Children / 대한소아소화기영양학회지

PURPOSE: Anorectal manometry is a way of investigation for anti-rectal sphincters. In this paper we evaluated the usefulness of anorectal manometry in constipation patients and compared the anal spnincter function in control, constipation and encopresis patients. METHOD: We analysed the data of anorectal function studies in normal children (control, n=11), children with constipation (constipation group, n=20) and children with encopresis (encopresis group, n=16). RESULTS: The specific manometric parameters in normal children were like as follows; external anal sphinter pressure 21.0+/-8.00 mmHg, internal anal sphicter pressure 30.0+/- 14.57 mmHg, conscious rectal sensitivity threshold 11.4+/-4.52 mmHg. The above results were not different from that of previous studies except conscious rectal sensitivity threshold, which was slightly lower than that of others. Internal and external anal sphincter pressure were elevated significantly in constipation and encopresis groups than in control, which results was the same in conscious rectal sensitivity threshold. But the values of rectoanal inhibitory threshold and percent relaxation of rectoanal inhibitory reflex were not different among control group, constipation group and encopresis group. External sphincter activity was increased during the act of bearing down for defecation in none of the child in control group, in 6 of 17 children in constipation group and 5 of 12 children in encopresis group. CONCLUSION: With the results of above we could say that complete history taking and physical examination are important in diagnosis of constipation, and we could say also that the anorectal manometry was a valuable tool to understand the physiology of normal defecation and the pathophysiology of constipation and encopresis.